Veterinary Rehabilitation for Myofascial Pain Syndrome
Myofascial Pain Syndrome (MPS) is a frequently overlooked but increasingly recognized cause of chronic pain, stiffness, and mobility issues in animals. Characterized by painful trigger points within muscle and connective tissue, MPS can significantly affect an animal's comfort, behavior, and performance. Veterinary rehabilitation practitioners can often help in the diagnosis and treatment of this condition.
What is Myofascial Pain Syndrome?
Myofascial Pain Syndrome is a musculoskeletal disorder characterized by the development of myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) —small, hypersensitive nodules located in taut bands of muscle fibers. These points can cause localized pain, referred pain, and restricted movement. While commonly recognized in humans, MPS is gradually gaining recognition as a source of chronic pain in animals.
Causes and Risk Factors for Myofascial Pain Syndrome
MPS can develop as a result of a variety of conditions, including:
Direct trauma or microtrauma
Muscle overuse or repetitive strain
Postural imbalances
Compensatory changes from orthopedic or neurologic disease
Secondary pain from conditions like arthritis or spondylosis
Chronic inflammation or chronic nerve irritation
Emotional stress or anxiety
Signs and Symptoms of Myofascial Pain Syndrome
Because animals often mask their pain, subtle behavioral changes or shifts in movement patterns often provide key clues for diagnosis. Signs can vary depending on species and can vary between individuals. General signs include:
In Dogs:
Skin twitching or sensitivity when touched
Tight muscles or generally restricted mobility
Visible muscle asymmetries or postural changes
Behavioral changes like anxiety or withdrawal
Reluctance to play or exercise
Shuffling gait or shortened stride
In Horses:
Skin twitching or sensitivity during grooming
Visible muscle asymmetries or postural changes
Head tossing, tail swishing, or girth sensitivity
Difficulty bending, transitioning gaits, or performing lateral movements
Bucking, bolting, or signs of discomfort under saddle
Stumbling or shortened stride
Diagnosing Myofascial Pain Syndrome in Animals
Diagnosis of MPS starts with a thorough standing palpation exam and an in-hand movement exam. Typically light palpation will elicit local twitch responses in the affected areas and slightly deeper palpation will reveal taut muscle bands and firm trigger points. Practitioners will evaluate for areas of muscle atrophy or asymmetry and assess the animal’s posture. The movement portion of the exam is aimed at ruling out underlying orthopedic conditions or neurologic conditions that may be contributing to the animal’s discomfort or causing MPS.
The Role of Veterinary Rehabilitation in Treatment
Veterinary rehabilitation can play an essential role in the management of MPS. The goal is to address the root causes of muscular dysfunction to relieve pain, restore range of motion, and prevent recurrence. Commonly used rehabilitation techniques include:
Myofascial Trigger Point Therapy: Firm, persistent manual pressure is applied to specific trigger points to encourage release and improve muscle elasticity.
Dry Needling: Thin needles are inserted directly into trigger points to relieve pain and reduce muscle spasms.
Massage and Myofascial Release: Gentle manipulation and massage techniques can help loosen tight fascia and reduce adhesions in surrounding tissues.
Heat Application: Warming the tissues can relax tight muscles and promote circulation in affected areas.
Laser Therapy: Deep penetration of light energy can heat and relax underlying muscle tissue. Laser therapy helps reduce inflammation, increases circulation, and speeds healing by increasing cellular metabolism.
PEMF (Pulsed Electromagnetic Field) Therapy: PEMF therapy can reduce pain, improve circulation, and can stimulate muscle regenerative capacity.
Therapeutic Exercises: Targeted stretches, weight-bearing exercises, and strengthening work are used to improve posture, correct compensatory movement patterns, and support long-term muscle health.
Hydrotherapy: Submersion in water promotes relaxation and improves circulation. Underwater treadmill therapy provides gentle exercise with resistance and minimal joint impact.
Benefits of Early and Multimodal Rehabilitation
While early treatment of MPS is ideal, animals with chronic MPS can show drastic improvements with proper treatment. A multimodal approach to treating MPS involves the use of multiple treatment modalities in combination. This approach yields the best results aimed at:
Faster recovery and return to normal function
Reduced reliance on medication
Improved muscle balance and performance
Prevention of future injuries or compensatory pain
Enhanced quality of life
Resolution of underlying contributing factors
Conclusion
Myofascial Pain Syndrome is a treatable, yet often underdiagnosed condition that can profoundly affect an animal’s comfort, mobility, and behavior. Veterinary rehabilitation can serve as an essential component in effective treatment of MPS. By combining manual therapy, targeted exercise, and advanced techniques like dry needling or laser therapy, the goal is to not only relieve pain but also restore function and mobility to help animals live full, more active lives.